"Clair Cameron Patterson developed the uranium–lead dating method into lead–lead dating and, by using lead isotopic data from the Canyon Diablo meteorite, he calculated an age for the Earth of 4.55 billion years ... which in 1956 resulted in 'Age of Meteorites and the Earth.'"

"Dean Radin speaks at the Science of Consciousness Conference in Tucson 2016. Dean Radin, PhD, is chief scientist at the Institute of Noetic Sciences (IONS)." He shows how experiments demonstrate that remote viewers can affect the double-slit experiment by

Additional Psi papers: Selected Psi Research Publications

• Inside the Box
  • VIDEO: Origin of Life - How Life Started on Earth

    In this standard model, zircons are said to require water to form and that zircons formed about 4.4 billion years ago.
    10:50: The meteorites that formed Earth had about 250 minerals. Heat and pressure during Earth's formation formed new minerals. "Granite became the foundation of our continents." But it fails to say how granite formed.
    14:00 When did Earth cool enough to have liquid water?
    START 14:00

• VIDEO: CellX: The Inner Life of the Cell (HarvardX)
• VIDEO: Inner Life Of A Cell - Full Version
• VIDEO: The Secret Life of a Cell Parts: 1 - Organelles | 2 - Organelles (cont'd) | 3 - The Nucleus
• VIDEO: Nucleus: Ultra structure and Function- Part 1 - Iken Edu - CBSE - ICSE
• VIDEO: The protein folding problem: a major conundrum of science / Ken Dill at TEDxSBU
• VIDEO: Jordan Peterson shows you a video of DNA fixing itself
• VIDEO Lecture: What is the probability of a functional protein existing by chance? / Dr Stephen C. Meyer
• VIDEO: Origin Of Life - the probability of making a protein / Destroying the game of chance analogy
• VIDEO: Origin: Probability of a Single Protein Forming by Chance
• THE "RANDOM" PROTEINS ARGUMENT / David C. Wise
• VIDEO: Epigenetics 101 - Dr. Bruce Lipton, PhD

  "In Biology of Belief, Dr. Bruce Lipton, PhD, outlines a new understanding of life based on his pioneering research with stem cells at Stanford University. In his book, Dr. Lipton proclaims that genes do not control biology, and that cellular perceptions of the environment are the primary factor in biological processes."

• VIDEO Lecture: The Origin of Life: An Inside Story - 2016 Lectures (with James Tour)

  "The Pascal Lectures on Christianity and the University, Published on Mar 23, 2016"
  James Tour is a synthetic organic chemist at Rice University: Professor, Rice University, Department of Chemistry, Materials Science and NanoEngineering. This is the longer lecture but talkes about 'behind closed doors.'
  Google Scholar: citations

• James Tour: The Mystery of the Origin of Life / Shorter lecture without 'behind closed doors'
• James Tour: The Origin of Life Has Not Been Explained
  • Website: James M Tour Group / James M Tour website
  • Article: Animadversions of a Synthetic Chemist / James M Tour
  • Article: Origin of Life, Intelligent Design, Evolution, Creation and Faith (Updated August 2017) / James M Tour
  • Article: Personal Statement / James M Tour
  • Article: Impact of The Scriptures/Faith of a Scientist: The Impact of the Bible Upon a Christian Professor / James M Tour

"Two observational pillars support contemporary cosmology: Hubble redshift and microwave background radiation."
- Hilton ratcliffe, The Static Universe: Exploring the Myth of Cosmic Expansion, Pg 25.

"... it seems likely that red-shifts may not be due to an expanding Universe, and much of the speculation on the structure of the Universe may require reexamination."
- Edwin Hubble, in a paper for the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1947 (some 20 years after his discovery of redshift), See Hilton ratcliffe, The Static Universe: Exploring the Myth of Cosmic Expansion, Pg 29

"If the authors of the Standard Model calibrate their expansion along an axis of linear redshift relationships - and they do, with great conviction - they are telling us that their Universe does not expand."
- Hilton ratcliffe, The Static Universe: Exploring the Myth of Cosmic Expansion, Pg 30.

See what the Big Bang (Lambda-Cold Dark Matter Model, LCDMM, L-CDM) model requires.
- Hilton ratcliffe, The Static Universe: Exploring the Myth of Cosmic Expansion, Pg 16.

"Ground-based methods were limited to a distance of about 40 pc."(1)

The ESA's GAIA [mission] orbiting at Lagrange point L2 has a stellar parallax base radius length of 151.5 million km * 2 = diameter length 303 million km = 188,275,471 miles diameter = 2.025 AU

"In 1989, the European Space Agency launched the Hipparcos satellite (HIgh Precision PARallax COllecting Satellite) to measure the parallax and proper motions of stars. As it orbited the Earth above the effects of the atmosphere, it was able to measure parallaxes to an order of magnitude better precision than previous methods. The resultant Hipparcos catalogue gives positions, distances and proper motions for 118,218 stars to an average accuracy of 1 milliarcsecond (mas).

"... The distance to Hyades [open cluster] is a vital rung in what is commonly referred to as the Cosmic Distance ladder. Using Hipparcos data, astronomers have now calculated the distance to the centre of mass of the cluster to be 46.34 ± 0.27 pc.

"... One other important finding from Hipparcos was a recalibration of the distance to another open cluster, the Pleiades. At 115 pc the new value is about 15% closer than previously thought, meaning that the cluster stars are actually dimmer than thought previously. This result has raised doubts about the standard main-sequence fitting models and suggests the need for more factors other than just metallicity to be considered. Debate still goes on among astronomers." (2)

"The ESA's GAIA [mission] [launched 19 Dec 2013 with mission extended to Five years - extended until 31 December 2020] [is measuring] positions [of One billion stars amounts to about 1 percent of the stars populating the Milky Way] ... Gaia will observe one billion stars [to microarcsecond accuracies] about 70 times each over five years. That’s an average of 40 million observations a day! ... Of the one billion stars Gaia will observe, 99% have never had their distances measured accurately ... For objects 4000 times fainter than the naked eye limit, Gaia will measure their positions to an accuracy of 24 microarcseconds, comparable to measuring the diameter of a human hair at a distance of 1000 km. Gaia’s predecessor, Hipparcos, could have measured the diameter of a human hair at a distance of 20 km ... The nearest stars will have their distances measured to the extraordinary accuracy of 0.001%. Even stars near the Galactic Centre, some 30 000 light-years away, will have their distances measured to within an accuracy of 20%." (3)

"Gaia is placed in an orbit around the Sun, at the second Lagrange point L2, which is named after its discoverer, Joseph Louis Lagrange (1736-1813). For the Sun-Earth system, the L2 point lies at a distance of 1.5 million kilometres from the Earth in the anti-Sun direction and co-rotates with the Earth in it's 1-year orbit around the Sun. [Gaia's orbit] [Where is Gaia]

"One of the principal advantages of an L2 orbit is that it offers uninterrupted eclipse-free observations. From L2 the entire celestial sphere can be observed during the course of one year. To ensure Gaia stays at L2, the spacecraft must perform small manoeuvres every month." (4)

• The Cosmological Distance Ladder / Ron Markham
• Limits to Trigonometric Parallax / Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)

• Cosmological Distance Ladder

  "... theories about the universe hinge on on how big the universe actually is, and the uncertainties at the highest steps of the cosmological distance ladder are large enough to leave room for debate over which theory is correct." - The Cosmological Distance Ladder

• Key terms
  • stellar parallax: A nearby star's apparent movement against the background of more distant stars as the Earth revolves around the Sun / Source
  • astronomical unit (AU): distance between the Earth and the Sun (approximate). 1 astronomical unit (au) = 92,955,807.27 miles (mi) / calculator
  • parsec: equal to 3.26 light-years, or nearly 31 trillion kilometres. Its name derives from measurements of parallax: it is the distance corresponding to a parallax angle of one arcsecond. (source) 206,265 AU = the distance to a star whose parallax is 1 arc second
  • MegaParsec: a unit of measure for distances in intergalactic space equal to one million parsecs / Source
  • Proper Motion: "In astronomy, the term proper motion refers to the angular velocity across the sky exhibited by a celestial body. The enormous distances to the stars means that only the closest have proper motions that are large enough to be expressed in arcseconds per year – milliarcseconds per year are more common. Because of these small angular velocities, it is necessary to use a telescope that has a high angular resolution to measure proper motions.
    
    "More than two epochs are required to be able to separate the proper motion of a star from its parallax, as both cause the stars to move against the “fixed background” of the night sky. With several epochs of observations it is possible to tell the difference between proper motion and parallax – a star exhibiting proper motion will move uniformly in one direction across the sky, while one displaying parallax will return to its original position after one year of observations tracing out an elliptical path on the sky. However, breaking the degeneracy between proper motion and parallax is not always simple – all stars exhibit both a proper motion, and a parallax at some level, and it can take several epochs to separate the two terms due to experimental uncertainties. It is even harder to uniquely determine these effects for objects in binary and triple systems." (Source)
  • arc minute: A measure of angular separation, - one sixtieth of a degree. / Source
  • Arc second: Another measure of angular separation, - one sixtieth of an arc minute. (1/3600th of a degree.) / Source
  • degree: A full circle has 360 degrees, while can be divided up into units of arcminutes and arcseconds such that an arcminute is 1/60 of a degree and an arcsecond is 1/60 of an arcminute. (source)

"In 2005 a quasar with redshift z = 2.11 was discovered near the core of active galaxy NGC 7319 which is a low redshift galaxy (z = 0.0225) in Stephen’s Quintet that is located about 360 million light years away. As noted in a UC San Diego news release, this presents a problem for standard theory which customarily places a quasar with such a large redshift at a distance of about 10 billion light years, or 30 times further away. The finding that the NGC 7319 quasar is actually a member of a low redshift galaxy, indicates that the quasar’s redshift is neither due to cosmological expansion nor to tired-light redshifting, but to some other cause. This validates Halton Arp’s theory that most of the redshift seen in quasars has a noncosmological origin."

In Section I, you used SkyServer to look up redshifts of twelve galaxies. In this section, you will learn how to calculate redshifts for yourself.

The Hubble Diagram - Redshifts

Measuring Redshifts
Measuring a redshift or blueshift requires four steps:
1) obtain the spectrum of something (let's say a galaxy) that shows spectral lines
2) from the pattern of lines, identify which line corresponds to which atom, ion, or molecule
3) measure the shift of any one of those lines with respect to its expected wavelength, as measured in a laboratory on Earth
4) apply a formula that relates the observed shift to velocity along the line-of-sight

Interpreting Redshifts

You have just directly computed the redshift for a galaxy. The quantity z is dimensionless, and since it is derived directly from data, its value is unambiguous. We will often use just this number. However, sometimes we want to express the result as the velocity of the galaxy with respect to us, in units of km/sec.
Converting from redshift z to velocity v measured in km/sec is easy - the formula is
v = c z ,
where c is the speed of light, c = 3 x 105 km/sec.

Thus, in this example, galaxy 582102012537667624 appears to be moving away from us at 0.1 x 3 x 10^5 km/sec = 30,000 km/sec. This value is typical of the galaxy redshifts found in the SkyServer database.

Since the formula is equivalent to z = v / c, it contains an interpretation of the meaning of the value of z: z measures the galaxy's speed of recession relative to the speed of light.

"The Cosmic Microwave Background is simply a diffuse image of local astrophysical structure at the equilibruim temperature of starlight."
- Hilton ratcliffe, The Static Universe: Exploring the Myth of Cosmic Expansion, Pg 18.

• The Herouni Antenna - The Death of the Big Bang! / Pierre-Marie Robitaille, Ph.D

  "Pierre-Marie Robitaille, Ph.D., was a professor of Radiology at The Ohio State University from 1989-2019, and also held an appointment in the Chemical Physics Program. In 1998, he led the design and assembly of the world’s first Ultra High Field MRI System. Readings from this equipment brought into question fundamental aspects of modern thermal physics, such as Kirchhoff’s Law of thermal emission."
  
  Regarding the CMB and measurements made by the Herouni dish antenna, Penzias and Wilson horn antenna, WMAP satellite, COBE satellite, Planck satellite. The conclusion is not good news for the scientific integrity of the 'CMB.'

• Web search: light-time travel horizon problem
• Light-Travel Time: A Problem for the Big Bang

• What is Light? | Space News
• Filming the Speed of Light at 10 Trillion FPS
• Why No One Has Measured The Speed Of Light
• Can Stars BEND LIGHT? General Relativity and Gravity with Dr. Edward Dowdye
• The Original Double Slit Experiment

• What Do You Mean, The Universe Is Flat? (Part I) / Scientific American
• What Do You Mean, the Universe Is Flat? Part II: In Which We Actually Answer the Question / Scientific American
• Gravity Probe B

"... inflation can never be shown to be wrong—it cannot be falsified—and therefore inflation isn’t even a scientific hypothesis."

Do the CMB Anisotropy maps violate the Copernican Principle?

Thoughtcrime: The Conspiracy to Stop The Principle

"TheTruthAlwaysAddsUp, Published on Jun 19, 2014

"Halton Arp's observations of local galaxy's ejections of high red shifted quasars that are being ejected from the magnetic poles of their respective galaxy. These quasars lose their red shift and gain mass and luminosity is proportional to their distance from the parent galaxy.

"To sum it all up, we are watching matter being created and we live in a universe that is suspended indefinitely in an endless universe. This fact disproves the Big Bang Gravitational model and proves that the universe is eternal with creation happening as we watch."

"Vanderbilt University, Published on Apr 4, 2011

"Watch video of the Seyfert Lecture featuring Dr. Paul J. Steinhardt, the Albert Einstein Professor in Science and director of the Princeton Center for Theoretical Science at Princeton University.

"Steinhardt, who is also on the faculty of both the Department of Physics and the Department of Astrophysical Sciences, spoke at Vanderbilt March 17, 2011. He is the author of over 200 refereed articles, six patents, and three technical books. In 2007, co-authored Endless Universe: The Big Bang and Beyond, a popular book on contemporary theories of cosmology.

"This talk introduces an alternative [String Theory] to the standard big bang model that challenges conventional ideas about space, time and the evolution of the universe."

• Four revelations from the Webb telescope about distant galaxies | Nature | Vol 608 | 4 August 2022

  "With the resolution of James Webb, we are able to see that galaxies have disks way earlier than we thought they did," says Allison Kirkpatrick, an astronomer at the University of Kansas in Lawrence. That's a problem, she says, because it contradicts earlier theories of galaxy evolution.
  
  "... Hubble studies suggested that galaxies start out small and grow bigger, but the Webb findings hint that Hubble didn't have the whole picture, so galactic evolution might be more complicated than anticipated.
  
  "With Webb just at the beginning of a planned 20-year run, astronomers know a lot of changes lie ahead. "Right now I find myself lying awake at three in the morning," Kirkpatrick says, "wondering if everything I've ever done is wrong."

• Walter Alter: Webb Telescope Big Bangs Experts | Thunderbolts
  
  Wal Thornhill JWST PREDICTION Series: published BEFORE the telescope became fully operational in July 2022.

  "Wal Thornhill, The Thunderbolts Project Chief Science Advisor, predicts the James Webb Space Telescope will support the research of Halton Arp. JWST observations may verify high redshift quasars are 'born' in pairs that emit bi-directional jets along the spin axis of a low-redshift galaxy. Plasmoid driven galactic bi-directional dense plasma focus experiments of Active Galactic Nucleus behavior may prove to be accurate."

  
  
  
• EPISODE #1 - June 19, 2021 (re-released on February 11, 2023)
  JWST PREDICTION Series
  Wal Thornhill: JWST & Fundamental Change | Thunderbolts

  "There has been no substantial change in our understanding of the universe since the middle of the 20th Century. The narrative has become complicated as barnacles of ad hoc theory are encrusted in a Titanic of institutionalized science. Fundamental changes will eventually sink the Standard Model of Cosmology.
  
  Wal Thornhill, The Thunderbolts Project Chief Science Advisor, predicts the James Webb Space Telescope will support the research of Halton Arp. JWST observations may verify high redshift quasars are 'born' in pairs that emit bi-directional jets along the spin axis of a low-redshift galaxy. Plasmoid driven galactic bi-directional dense plasma focus experiments of Active Galactic Nucleus behavior may prove to be accurate.
  
  Whenever an EU Model prediction is verified it illustrates fundamental change."

  
  
  
• EPISODE #2 - September 5, 2021
  JWST PREDICTION Series
  Wal Thornhill: JWST & Stellar Discovery | Thunderbolts

  "In his previous episode, Wal Thornhill, Thunderbolts Chief Science Advisor, predicted JWST discoveries that will fundamentally change the view of the big bang creation myth and the failed gravitational model of galaxies. For this second episode on the JWST, Wal describes the wide gulf between thermonuclear and electric star models and expected stellar discoveries.
  
  "With its vast improvement in sensitivity and resolution, the JWST will reveal the existence of the connecting network of helically twisted filamentary pairs and braids ever more clearly, and we'll discover helically twisted filament pairs and braids everywhere in we look in the cosmos."

• EPISODE #3 - January 1, 2022
  JWST PREDICTION Series
  Wal Thornhill: JWST & L-Type Brown Dwarf Stars | Thunderbolts

  "What will the JWST tell us about the origins of life, newborn planets, and subsequent formation of planetary systems? The L-Type Brown Dwarf is a class of faint star bridging the gap between stars and Jupiter-sized planets, and the most numerous stellar object in the galaxy. Life may be possible inside the glow of a brown dwarf—far more likely than on a planet orbiting outside a star—since the radiant energy arriving on a planet orbiting inside a glowing sphere is evenly distributed over its entire surface.
  
  "Wal Thornhill, Thunderbolts Chief Science Advisor, demonstrates why an important science goal for the infrared JWST is an examination of brown dwarfs to verify they are gas-giant sized bodies enclosed in a huge red anode glow. For perspective—if Jupiter’s present invisible plasma sheath were lit up it would appear in the sky the same size of the Sun. Brown Dwarfs are simply small Red Giants."

  The Big Bang Never Happened / Eric J. Lerner
• The Big Bang Never Happened--The Science of the Censored Papers

  "In this presentation to the Hal5 chapter of the National Space Society, Sept. 9, 2021, Eric J. Lerner, President and Chief Scientist at LPPFusion, inc. previews for a general audience the scientific findings that have demolished the Big Bang Hypothesis in three papers that have been censored by the arXiv pre-print website. You can read the censored papers for yourself here: "Censored Papers that Refute the Big Bang Hypothesis."

  The Big Bang Never Happened Debate Series / LPPFusion
  
  "In this new series of LPPFusion videos, “JWST and the Big Bang Never Happened Debate”, LPPFusion Chief Scientist Eric J. Lerner replies to critics of his IAI article, including Dr. Brian Keating, Dr. Becky, Anton Petrov, Ethan Siegel and others."
• JWST and The Big Bang Never Happened Debate 1

  "This video, Part 1: Tiny Galaxies, Smooth Disks, describes the key scientific point Lerner made in the article, which his critics have not yet replied to. This point is that the tiny image of distant galaxies that JWST obtained are incompatible with Big Bang predictions. They show that the Big Bang hypothesis flunks the Tolman test of the expanding universe hypothesis. The smooth disks add to the contradictions by demonstrating that the merger/collisions that cosmologist have long hypothesized cause tiny galaxies to grow into big ones never occurred. Lerner poses a series of questions for Dr. Keating and others to answer in this continuing debate. Small correction: the formula at 3:28 at the bottom of the slide has a typo. The right-hand side should be “1+z” rather than “z”. The redshift is correctly labeled z, but the ratio of the two distances, like the ratio of wavelengths in the first slide, is “1+z”."

• The Big Bang Never Happened Debate 2

  "This video, Part 2: the Scientific Method and the Method of Big Bang Cosmology, contrasts the Ptolemaic methods that have led to the Big Bang with the real scientific methods that lead to the rejection of the Big Bang hypothesis."

• The Big Bang Never Happened Debate 3

  "In this video, Part 3: Whose Conflict of Interest?, Lerner discusses the accusations that his involvement in LPPFusion's energy research and our fundraising somehow creates a conflict of interest with our cosmology research. On the contrary, Lerner argues, studying plasma in the cosmos together with plasma in the laboratory is the only way for fusion energy to work, and the only way for cosmology to progress. The real conflict of interest is that funding for academic cosmology research comes from a few committees dominated by those who have put their careers into building the Big Bang hypothesis. Funding is denied to research that openly rejects the Big Bang. This creates a climate of fear in cosmology."

• The Big Bang Theory | Roger Penrose, Sabine Hossenfelder, Sean Carroll, Chris Impey and more / The Institute of Art and Ideas / This is Big Bang evangelists and true believers. No challengers.
• 
  
  
• Images from the James Webb Telescope Do Not Disprove The Big Bang Theory | Newswise, 26-Aug-2022

  "... the spectacular images from JWST may have surprised scientists in how they might change theories on galaxy formation, they by no means negate the Big Bang theory.
  
  "... the data from JWST suggest that galaxies form more quickly than we think, not that they necessarily contain elements from before the Big Bang or that the universe is not expanding. The observation of these well-formed galaxies at such an early time does not debunk a theory as well supported as the Big Bang.
  
  "... Kirkpatrick suggests that images from JWST "support the Big Bang model because they show us that early galaxies were different than the galaxies we see today - they were much smaller!"
  
  "... As reported by Brian Koberlein at Universe Today...
  
  It's a common misconception that redshift proves that galaxies are speeding away from us. They aren't. Distant galaxies aren't speeding through space. Space itself is expanding, putting greater distance between us. It's a subtle difference, but it means that galactic redshift is caused by cosmic expansion, not relative motion. It also means that distant galaxies appear a bit larger than they would in a static universe. They are distant and tiny, but the expansion of space gives the illusion of them being larger. As a result, the surface brightness of distant galaxies dims only proportional to redshift.
  
  "... Professor Jason Steffen, a former NASA scientist who worked on the agency's Kepler mission and an expert in astronomy/physics at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas, responds to the article questioning the Big Bang Hypothesis.
  
  In short, the evidence is still overwhelmingly in favor of a hot Big Bang as the origin of the universe. There are many pieces of evidence that come together to motivate this model. If the Big Bang were to be wrong, it would not likely be wrong for the reasons described, and it is not wrong because of any observations from JWST.
  
  "... There is much more uncertainty with how galaxies form and how the first stars form, which are very complicated processes that involve lots of different physical effects, than there is about the first 500,000 years, which was a relatively simple hot plasma of Hydrogen and Helium ions."

• Do James Webb Telescope Images Disprove The Big Bang Theory? | Principia Scientific Intl., August 19, 2022, by Eric J. Lerner

  "To everyone who sees them, the new James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) images of the cosmos are beautifully awe-inspiring.
  
  "But to most professional astronomers and cosmologists, they are also extremely surprising-not at all what was predicted by theory.
  
  "In the flood of technical astronomical papers published online since July 12, the authors report again and again that the images show surprisingly many galaxies, galaxies that are surprisingly smooth, surprisingly small and surprisingly old. Lots of surprises, and not necessarily pleasant ones. One paper's title begins with the candid exclamation: "Panic!"
  
  "... The truth that these papers don't report is that the hypothesis that the JWST's images are blatantly and repeatedly contradicting is the Big Bang Hypothesis that the universe began 14 billion years ago in an incredibly hot, dense state and has been expanding ever since.
  
  "Since that hypothesis has been defended for decades as unquestionable truth by the vast majority of cosmological theorists, the new data is causing these theorists to panic. "Right now I find myself lying awake at three in the morning," says Alison Kirkpatrick, an astronomer at the University of Kansas in Lawrence, "and wondering if everything I've done is wrong."
  
  "... It is not too complicated to explain why these too small, too smooth, too old and too numerous galaxies are completely incompatible with the Big Bang hypothesis. Let's begin with "too small". If the universe is expanding, a strange optical illusion must exist. Galaxies (or any other objects) in expanding space do not continue to look smaller and smaller with increasing distance.
  
  "Beyond a certain point, they start looking larger and larger. (This is because their light is supposed to have left them when they were closer to us.) This is in sharp contrast to ordinary, non-expanding space, where objects look smaller in proportion to their distance.
  
  "... Big Bang theorists have known for years from the HST images that their assumptions necessitate the existence of these tiny, ultra-dense "Mighty Mouse" galaxies. JWST has made the problem far worse. The same theorists have speculated that the tiny galaxies grow up into present day galaxies by colliding with each other-merging to become more spread out.
  
  "... Big Bang theorists did expect to see badly mangled galaxies scrambled by many collisions or mergers. What the JWST actually showed was overwhelmingly smooth disks and neat spiral forms, just as we see in today's galaxies.
  
  "... The data in the "Panic!" article showed that smooth spiral galaxies were about "10 times" as numerous as what theory had predicted and that this "would challenge our ideas about mergers being a very common process". In plain language, this data utterly destroys the merger theory.
  
  "With few or no mergers, there is no way tiny galaxies could grow to be a hundred times bigger. Therefore, they were not tiny to begin with, and thus the optical illusion predicted from the expanding universe hypothesis does not exist. But no illusion means no expansion: the illusion is an unavoidable prediction from expansion. Thus, the panic among Big Bang supporters. Tiny and smooth galaxies mean no expansion and thus no Big Bang.
  
  "... According to Big Bang theory, the most distant galaxies in the JWST images are seen as they were only 400-500 million years after the origin of the universe. Yet already some of the galaxies have shown stellar populations that are over a billion years old. Since nothing could have originated before the Big Bang, the existence of these galaxies demonstrates that the Big Bang did not occur.
  
  "Just as there must be no galaxies older than the Big Bang, if the Big Bang hypothesis were valid, so theorists expected that as the JWST looked out further in space and back in time, there would be fewer and fewer galaxies and eventually none-a Dark Age in the cosmos.
  
  "But a paper to be published in Nature demonstrates that galaxies as massive as the Milky Way are common even a few hundred million years after the hypothesized Bang. The authors state that the new images show that there are at least 100,000 times as many galaxies as theorists predicted at redshifts more than 10. There is no way that so many large galaxies can be generated in so little time, so again- no Big Bang.
  
  "... While Big Bang theorists were shocked and panicked by these new results, Riccardo and I (and a few others) were not. In fact, a week before the JWST images were released we published online a paper that detailed accurately what the images would show. We could do this with confidence because more and more data of all kinds has been contradicting the Big Bang hypothesis for years.
  
  "The widely-publicized crisis in cosmology has drawn general attention to the failed predictions of the Big Bang hypothesis for the Hubble constant relating redshift to distance. But our papers, published over the past decades, have pointed to far more contradictions, each individually acknowledged by other researchers.
  
  "... The Big Bang prediction of the abundance of helium is off by a factor of two, the prediction for the abundance of lithium is off by a factor of 20. In addition to the absence of the larger-more-distant optical illusion, there is also the existence of large-scale structures too big to have formed in the times since the Big Bang, wrong predictions for the density of matter in the universe, and well-known asymmetries in the cosmic microwave background that should not exist according to theory.
  
  "There are many more contradictions. In early July I published two comprehensive papers summarizing the situation. Based on the published literature, right now the Big Bang makes 16 wrong predictions and only one right one-the abundance of deuterium, an isotope of hydrogen.
  
  "... Over decades scientists, starting with Physics Nobel Laureate Hannes Alfven, have shown that if the Big Bang hypothesis is thrown out, the evolution of the cosmos and the phenomena that we observe today, like the cosmic microwave background, can be explained using the physical processes we observe in the laboratory-especially the electromagnetic processes of plasmas.
  
  "Plasma is the electrically conducting gas that makes up nearly all the matter that we see in space, in the stars and in the space between the stars. Only the Hubble redshift relation would still need some new physical process to explain the loss of energy as light travels huge distances."

• Observations contradict galaxy size and surface brightness predictions that are based on the expanding universe hypothesis | Eric J Lerner

  "In a non-expanding universe, surface brightness is independent of distance or redshift, while in an expanding universe it decreases rapidly with both. Similarly, for objects of the same luminosity, the angular radius of an object in a non-expanding universe declines with redshift, while in an expanding universe this radius increases for redshifts z > 1.25. The author and colleagues have previously shown that data for the surface brightness of disc galaxies are compatible with a static universe with redshift linearly proportional to distance at all z [static Euclidian universe (SEU) hypothesis]. In this paper, we examine the more conventional hypothesis that the universe is expanding, but that the actual radii of galaxies of a given luminosity increase with time (decrease with z), as others have proposed. We show that the radii data for both disc and elliptical galaxies are incompatible with any of the published size-evolution predictions based on an expanding universe. We find that all the physical mechanisms proposed for size evolution, such as galaxy mergers, lead to predictions that are in quantitative contradiction with either the radius data or other data sets, such as the observed rate of galaxy mergers. In addition, we find that when the effect of telescope resolution is taken into account, the r-z relationships for disc and elliptical galaxies are identical. Both are excellently fit by SEU predictions. An overall comparison of cosmological models requires examining all available data sets, but for this data set there is a clear contradiction of predictions based on an expanding universe hypothesis."

• Does Telescope Show the Big Bang Didn't Happen? | Evolution News
• James Webb telescope promises a glimpse of the birth of the universe | James Webb space telescope | The Guardian Tue 12 Jul 2022

  "Astronomers are hoping future images will show 'cosmic dawn', the forming of the first galaxies 13.5bn years ago "The wait, it seems, was worth it. Decades after researchers proposed what became known as the James Webb space telescope, the first colour images have landed and with them a tantalising glimpse of the observatory's power to peer back in time to the moment when the first stars lit up the universe."

• Webb telescope is already challenging what astronomers thought they knew | Washington Post, 8/26/2022

  "The James Webb Space Telescope ... has got astronomers scratching their heads. The very distant universe looks a little different than expected.
  
  "The telescope ... has been capturing images of extremely faint galaxies that emitted their light in the first billion years or so after the big bang. Observing these "early" galaxies is one of the main missions of the telescope - to see deeper into space, and further back in time, than any previous telescope.
  
  "The first scientific results have emerged in recent weeks, and what the telescope has seen in deepest space is a little puzzling. Some of those distant galaxies are strikingly massive. A general assumption had been that early galaxies - which formed not long after the first stars ignited - would be relatively small and misshapen. Instead, some of them are big, bright and nicely structured.
  
  "... The models just don't predict this," Garth Illingworth, an astronomer at the University of California at Santa Cruz, said of the massive early galaxies. "How do you do this in the universe at such an early time? How do you form so many stars so quickly?"
  
  "... What has surprised astronomer Dan Coe of the Space Telescope Science Institute are the number of nicely shaped, disklike galaxies.
  
  "We thought the early universe was this chaotic place where there's all these clumps of star formation, and things are all a-jumble," Coe said.
  
  "... The easiest explanation for those surprisingly massive galaxies is that, at least for some of them, there's been a miscalculation - perhaps due to a trick of light.
  
  "The distant galaxies are very red. They are, in astronomical lingo, "redshifted." The wavelengths of light from these objects have been stretched by the expansion of the universe. The ones that look the reddest - that have the highest redshift - are PRESUMED to be the farthest away.
  
  "... But dust can be throwing off the calculations. Dust can absorb blue light, and redden the object. It could be that some of these very distant, highly red-shifted galaxies are just very dusty, and not actually as far away (and as "young") as they appear. That would realign the observations with what astronomers expected."

• GRAVITY WAVES
  • HILTON RATCLIFFE: "Discovery" of Gravitational Waves | Thunderbolts Podcast

    "Michael Goodspeed reads a statement by astronomer Dr. Hilton Ratcliffe, which explains in comprehensible terms why this claim may be fallacious. Dr. Ratcliffe is the author of such books as 'The Static Universe: Exploding the Myth of Cosmic Expansion' and 'The Virtue of Heresy: Confessions of a Dissident Astronomer.'"

  • Wal Thornhill: An Examination of "Gravitational Waves" | Space News
  • LIGO Open Science Center
  • Research | GEO 600 Portal

EXTRACTS:

The SAFIRE Sun generates energy, comparable to the Sun's photosphere.

The SAFIRE technology [nuclear plasma reactor] was designed and built to replicate the atmosphere of the Sun in a laboratory on Earth, and to test the Electric Sun model.

In our tests and experiments, we have found no disparities with the Electric Sun model. In fact, all the evidence to date, indicates that electricity is the primal force in the universe.

The SAFIRE team has discovered the key to obtaining and sustaining high energy plasmas. SAFIRE can create, control contain, and repeat any number of plasma regimes. The hot plasma self-organizes and develops its own electromagnetic containment field.

SAFIRE forms its own electromagnetic containment field into a self-organizing, high-energy plasma and unlike fission reactors, SAFIRE is stable, controllable and has no environmentally dangerous or detrimental side effects. It uses hydrogen as the primary catalyst, the most abundant element in the universe.

Three separate analyses had been done by experts in computational fluid dynamics. All three predicted that with 100% input power, we would reach the thermal limit of the chamber, and for three years these predictions had been accurate. But with our new adjustments and using only 7% input power we very quickly reached the thermal limit. It was the elemental transmutations that were responsible for the rise in temperature over time, that was almost 14 times what was predicted.

SAFIRE is an international team which has been collaborating with individuals from Orion Energy, Lockheed Martin, U.S. DoD, Los Alamos, Lawrence Livermore Labs, Space Propulsion Consultants, the University of Toronto and many more.

Orion Energy will commercialize the SAFIRE technology into three key markets: 1) clean energy production, 2) heating and 3)remediation of nuclear waste. Each of these markets represents a trillion dollar industry over the next 10 years.

"Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218

"ABSTRACT

"The standard solar model is one of the most complete and successful theories in modern astronomy. I discuss the basic assumptions of the model: hydrostatic equilibrium, energy trans- port, thermonuclear reactions, and initial conditions. The successes and failures of the model are illustrated, followed by a brief analysis of the model data. A discussion of what can be learned from the model data is presented using composition, energy production, and convection as examples.

"Subject headings: models: solar-thermonuclear energy: production, transport

"1. Basic Assumptions

"The Sun is the most prominent object in our sky, and understanding it has been one of the primary focuses since the birth of modern astronomy. Additionally, after the realization that the Sun was itself a star, solar research became a means for investigating conditions too distant to observe directly. Starting in the early twentieth century, astronomers began building a model of the Sun that would accurately predict the Sun's observable features. If the model can accurately predict what is observed, then it is reasonable to assume that it can accurately tell astronomers about what they cannot observe, both inside the Sun and its behavior at other epochs. This model is known as the standard solar model, and it has been in a state of constant evolution since its inception.

"The standard solar model has four basic assumptions, the first being that the sun evolves in hydro-static equilibrium (3). Hydrostatic equilibrium implies a local balance between pressure and gravity ...

"... The second assumption of the standard solar model is that energy can be transferred in the star via radiation, conduction, convection, and neutrino losses (3; 4). Radiation and convection are the dominant ...

"... The third assumption of the model is that thermonuclear reactions are the only source of energy pro-duction inside the star (3). The thermonuclear reactions that take place in the core of a star like our Sun are processes that fuse hydrogen nuclei into helium nuclei, releasing copious quantities of energy in the process. There are two processes, or chains of reactions, that are responsible for the fusion in our Sun, these are the proton-proton (pp) chain and the carbon-nitrogen-oxygen (CNO) chain. These chains are described in more detail below. Fusion reactions require high densities and temperatures to take place, and therefore are predominantly found in stellar cores ...

"... The final assumption of the standard solar model is that the sun was initially of a homogeneous, pri-mordial composition, and highly convective at its main sequence turn on. Since heavy elements are neither created nor destroyed in the thermonuclear reactions in a solar-type star, they provide a record of the initial abundances, and only the relative amounts of hydrogen and helium are an indicator of stellar evolution.

"... Until very recently, the biggest shortcoming of the standard solar model was the solar neutrino prediction. Experiments on the earth set an upper bound for the number of neutrinos that could be produced in the sun, and these numbers fell well short of the number of neutrinos predicted by the standard model. Solving this problem was the focus of solar model research over the last 30 years. The answer was recently found by (2) when they measured oscillations in the type of neutrinos emitted from the sun."

"Sackmann, I. -Juliana ; Boothroyd, Arnold I. ;Fowler, William A.

"Abstract: The results of computing a number of standard solar models are reported. A presolar helium content of Y = 0.278 is obtained, and a Cl-37 capture rate of 7.7 SNUs, consistently several times the observed rate of 2.1 SNUs, is determined. Thus, the solar neutrino problem remains. The solar Z value is determined primarily by the observed Z/X ratio and is affected very little by differences in solar models. Even large changes in the low-temperature molecular opacities have no effect on Y, nor even on conditions at the base of the convective envelope. Large molecular opacities do cause a large increase in the mixing-length parameter alpha but do not cause the convective envelope to reach deeper. The temperature remains too low for lithium burning, and there is no surface lithium depletion; thus, the lithium problem of the standard solar model remains."

"New evidence that solar neutrinos can change “flavour” confirms that our understanding of the Sun is correct and that neutrinos have mass.

"The first results from the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory in Canada have finally solved a problem that has puzzled astrophysicists for 30 years: why do experiments detect less than half the number of solar neutrinos predicted by models of the Sun? The results confirm that electron neutrinos produced by nuclear reactions inside the Sun “oscillate” or change flavour on their journey to Earth. Neutrino oscillations are only possible if the three flavours of neutrino – electron, muon and tau – have mass. The SNO result therefore has important implications for cosmology and particle physics.

"Although the SuperKamiokande experiment in Japan has seen strong evidence for the disappearance of “atmospheric neutrinos” – neutrinos that are produced when cosmic rays interact with nuclei in the Earth’s atmosphere (Physics World July 1998 pp17-18) – the SNO results are significant because, when combined with solar-neutrino data from SuperKamiokande, they show for the first time that the disappearance of one neutrino flavour is accompanied by the appearance of another. This is the key signature of neutrino oscillations. The new results are also in excellent agreement with the predictions of standard solar models."

"Further analysis and supercomputer modeling may begin to reveal what lies in the Sun's interior, but for now all that is certain is that the conventional model is not offering explanations that match observations.

"... astronomer Martin Asplund forewent the usual 2D model of the Sun’s surface, and instead used a supercomputer to model it as 3-dimensional surface. Asplund was hoping to formulate a more accurate model for analyzing spectral and seismological data to better understand the Sun’s interior.

Since the interior cannot be directly observed, sound and light emissions emanating from the Sun’s surface are a window into the interior. Asplund’s new model brought to light ... the seismological and spectrophotometric data indicated that the Sun had significantly less heavy elements than was previously calculated (using the defunct 2D model).

"Because light and sound pass through heavy elements (most every element past hydrogen is referred to as a metal by astronomers) differently than light elements like hydrogen and helium, the Asplund’s updated calculations suggested a highly different chemical composition for the Sun—essentially the now absentee heavy elements account for several billion megatonnes of missing matter (the equivalent of around 1500 Earths).

"The solution to the seeming conundrum is to posit that there is some form of matter at the center of the Sun — about 1027 kilograms of it — that does not behave like ordinary states of matter. Perhaps under the extreme temperatures and pressures of the interior region matter takes on different quantum properties, and has altered opacity or acoustic resonances."

"Twenty years ago, astronomers expressed confidence in the numbers they had been working with. Now, not so much. The problem lies not in the far corners of the cosmos, but much closer to home. Astonishingly, scientists don't know exactly what the sun is made of. As a result, they don't know what the other stars are made of, either.

"... Heavy elements such as oxygen alter the sun’s interior, because they absorb radiation as it wends its way outward from the solar core to the surface. Using the old solar abundances, astronomers thought they had the sun's interior figured out, thanks to a technique known as helioseismology. Just as our world has earthquakes, so the sun's interior vibrates with sound waves. And just as seismologists use quakes to deduce the structure of the Earth's interior, so the vibrations rippling through the sun have revealed its inner structure.

"... "Either we don't understand the sun or the [new solar abundances] are wrong," Pinsonneault said at a 2011 talk ..."

"According to the Standard Model of elementary particles, we should have three types of neutrino (electron, muon and tau) and three types of antineutrino, and they should be stable and unchanging in their properties once they’re created.

"Unfortunately, the Universe had other ideas in store for us. Ever since the 1960s, when the first calculations and measurements for neutrinos produced by the Sun came in, we realized there was a problem: because of how the Sun shines, we knew how many (electron) neutrinos were produced in its core. But when we measured how many (electron) neutrinos were arriving, we only saw a third of the predicted number. The story of unlocking this mystery remains the only robust way that particle physics has gone beyond the Standard Model, and may yet hold the key to further understanding the Universe."

"Recently, scientists reported in the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society the discovery of a theory-shattering exoplanet -- one of countless such discoveries in the last two decades. As reported on phys.org on October 31, the hot Jupiter “should not exist according to planet formation theory.” In this episode, we outline the fundamental differences between the standard model of planet and star formation versus that of the Electric Universe."

"According to a paper in the journal Nature, astronomers are now looking for a whole new theory to explain how planets form. The standard model of planet formation says that planets and stars form gravitationally in a contracting disk of gas and dust called the core accretion theory. Since astronomers believe that this model explains our solar system, they expected that exo-planet systems would play by the same rules. However, they have now observed countless baffling systems that cannot be explained by conventional reasoning. Wal Thornhill explains the Electric Universe thoughts on planetary formation."

"ThunderboltsProject
Published on Apr 16, 2019
"In this interview recorded on April 8, 2019, physicist Wal Thornhill discusses why the recent so-called "first picture of a black hole" actually affirms the plasma cosmology hypothesis that the object at a galactic core is not a black hole at all but an ultra-high density energy storage phenomena called a Plasmoid."

If anything we are looking at a plasmoid.
They said in the press release it was easier to observer than Sag A, this is because we look at Sag A from the side, we can look at M87 down the barrel.
Regards, Daniel

"Stephen Smith notes that the Black Hole theory did not predict or explain the coherent jets emitted along the axis of some galaxies:

"Cygnus A is one of the first radio sources that revealed “jets and lobes” accelerating out of its nucleus. They are thought to result from material falling into a central black hole, where it is torn apart. Subatomic “debris” is then propelled out of the galactic core by some means not understood in consensus circles. It is suggested that spinning magnetic fields surround black holes, but the theory cannot be tested.

"Among the many difficulties faced by mainstream astrophysicists is how magnetic fields can align and compress particle emissions into jets that maintain coherency. Radio jets from some galaxies reach out for over one million light years before they “disperse” into vast clouds of radio emitting particles, larger than their galactic sources. "What is at the center of electric galaxies? "An important factor missing in their observations is that the magnetic fields mentioned in the press release are electromagnetic and not simply magnetic. The only way to generate a magnetic field is with the flow of electric charge, or electricity. As written in previous Pictures of the Day, radio-bright celestial objects are not created in gravity fields, no matter how powerful. Laboratory experiments most easily produce them by accelerating charged particles through an electric field. Rather than gravity, an electromagnetic entity called a “plasmoid” is responsible for jets, lobes and other objects in space."

Pierre-Marie Robitaille, Ph.D., was a professor of Radiology at The Ohio State University from 1989-2019, and also held an appointment in the Chemical Physics Program. In 1998, he led the design and assembly of the world’s first Ultra High Field MRI System. Readings from this equipment brought into question fundamental aspects of modern thermal physics, such as Kirchhoff’s Law of thermal emission.

• The Black Hole Image - Data Fabrication Masterclass!
• Scientific Analysis - The Claim of Black Hole Image!
• April 10th, 2019 - Claims of a Black Hole Image: the Day Astrophysics Died
• Daniel K. Inouye Telescope - Imaging Masterclass!

Notion of an 'event horizon', from which nothing can escape, is incompatible with quantum theory, physicist claims.

"At this time, the Big Bang, all the matter in the universe, would have been on top of itself. The density would have been infinite. It would have been what is called, a singularity."

Infinite density implies infinite curvature of space, meaning that no space existed outside of the singularity. What did the Big Bang singularity expand into if there was no space outside of it?

"The Pauli exclusion principle states no two electrons (or other fermions) can have the identical quantum mechanical state in the same atom or molecule. In other words, no pair of electrons in an atom can have the same electronic quantum numbers n, l, ml, and ms."
-- Pauli Exclusion Principle Definition

This is another way of saying that there is an upper limit to the compression of matter and argues against singularities.

Experiments show that with conditions mimicking natural forces, coal forms quickly; in weeks for brown coal to months for black coal. It does not need millions of years. Furthermore, long time periods could be an impediment to coal formation because of the increased likelihood of the permineralization of the wood, which would hinder coalification. ... Thus their overall conclusion was that coal macerals can be produced rapidly from biological source material by a clay-catalyzed thermal reaction in periods of only two to four months (sometimes one month).

"But from the beginning of the creation God made them male and female." (Mark 10:6)

"And he answered and said unto them, Have ye not read, that he which made them at the beginning made them male and female," (Matthew 19:4)

RATE (Radioactivity and the Age of The Earth) research group.

"The samples were sent (without any hint that it was a creationist project) to a world-class expert to measure these rates. The consistent answer: the helium does indeed seep out quickly over a wide range of temperatures. In fact, the results show that because of all the helium still in the zircons, these crystals (and since this is Precambrian basement granite, by implication the whole earth) could not be older than between 4,000 and 14,000 years. In other words, in only a few thousand years, 1.5 billion years’ worth (at today’s rates) of radioactive decay has taken place. Interestingly, the data have since been refined and updated to give a date of 5680 (+/- 2000) years."

1 Humphreys, D. et al., Helium diffusion rates support accelerated nuclear decay, www.icr.org/pdf/research/Helium_ICC_7-22-03.pdf.

The diamond’s carbon-dated ‘age’ of <58,000 years is thus an upper limit for the age of the whole earth. And this age is brought down still further now that the helium diffusion results have so strongly affirmed dramatic past acceleration of radioactive decay.5

The bottom line is that virtually all biological specimens, no matter how ‘old’ they are supposed to be, show measurable C-14 levels.3 This effectively limits the age of all buried biota to less than (at most) 250,000 years. (When one takes into account the likely much lower ratio of radioactive to ‘normal’ carbon pre-Flood4, it brings it right down to within the biblical ‘ballpark’.)

Interestingly, specimens which appear to definitely be pre-Flood seem to have C-14 present, too, and importantly, these cluster around a lower relative amount of C-14. This suggests that some C-14 was primordial, and not produced by cosmic rays—thus limiting the age of the entire earth to only a few thousand years.

"Introduction to Catastrophic Plate Tectonics
"With the understanding that the fossil record is a reliable indicator of the portion of the geological record produced by the Genesis Flood, what sort of physical mechanism could have produced such a staggering amount of geological change during such a brief span of time? An extremely important clue comes from today’s seafloor. Multiple lines of evidence show that all of today’s igneous seafloor rocks cooled and crystallized after a significant fraction of the continental fossil-bearing sediment record was already in place. That means that the Flood cataclysm was already well under way before any of the igneous seafloor which exists today had formed via the process of seafloor spreading. It also means that the entirety of the ocean floor that was on the earth before the Flood and much that formed during the early portion of the Flood has been recycled via subduction into the earth’s interior since the Flood’s beginning. The strong conclusion is that the processes of seafloor spreading and subduction must have unfolded at an extremely rapid pace during the Flood. The implication is that the Flood was not only a hydrological cataclysm but a tectonic cataclysm as well. This inference, which follows directly from the ages of today’s igneous seafloor rocks relative to the continental fossil-bearing sedimentary rocks, forms the logical basis for the concept known today as catastrophic plate tectonics. The following set of papers, arranged in chronological order, traces the development of this concept over the past thirty years."

19:38 Rotating weightless water sphere with air bubbles and tea leaves

"Published on Jun 12, 2014
"==============
"A subject not well known to many is that of the "Growing or Expanding Earth" theory.

"Even going back to the late 17th century two of the giants of astronomy, Edmond Halley and Sir Isaac Newton believed the Earth and other planets to be hollow. In his development of the model for the universal constant for gravity G, did Newton consider that as a constant, this force would act the same way for all solid and all hollow planets?

"Today, the foremost exponents are Dr. James Maxlow PhD . and Neal Adams . They, in turn, have followed on from previous researchers dating back to the nineteenth century -- for example I.O. Yarkovskii (1888), Otto Hildenberg (1933) and Klaus Vogel (1983) being, perhaps, the best known. Many others have contributed during the 1960's Brosske, Barnett, Creer, Shields.

"The researchers mentioned above have produced compelling models showing that the earth has expanded in size over millions of years, but they failed to produce an acceptable mechanism for Earth's expansion.

"In this video, recorded in Lancs, UK on 08 Apr 2014, Peter Woodhead discusses his theory as to the likely mechanism behind the Earth's expansion."

Hydroplate Theory Overview (parts 1-6 combined) updated HERE / Bryan Nickel

Hydroplate Theory Overview Part 1 / Bryan Nickel

Hydroplate Theory Overview Part 2 / Bryan Nickel

Hydroplate Theory Overview Part 3 / Bryan Nickel

Hydroplate Theory Overview Part 4 / Bryan Nickel

Hydroplate Theory Overview Part 5 / Bryan Nickel

Hydroplate Theory Overview Part 6 / Bryan Nickel

Hydroplate Theory Origin of the Grand Canyon / Bryan Nickel

Hydroplate Theory Origin of Comets, Asteroids, Meteoroids, and Trans-Neptunian Objects / Bryan Nickel

Hydroplate Theory Origin of Earth's Radioactivity / Bryan Nickel

Hydroplate Theory The 90 East Ridge Location / Bryan Nickel

Web search: 'Bryan Nickel website walt brown hydroplate theory'

Bryan Nickel Answers Oard's "Linear Crack" Hydroplate Theory Objection

"The oceans are in a perpetual state of flux, with water flowing in and out of the Earth’s mantle. The process, known as the deep water cycle, sees water slip under the planet’s tectonic plates only to come out later through underwater volcanoes and vents. About 70 percent of the Earth’s surface is covered in water and 97 percent of that water – more than 332,519,000 cubic miles – is found in the oceans. But the deep water process appears to be swallowing up more water than it is releasing back to the surface. And if some scientific estimates are to be believed, there could be about three to four oceans-worth of water are trapped under the mantle."

"Earth is a water planet, but how much water exists on and in the Earth? Is the water limited to the Earth’s surface and limited depths of our planet (molecular water of the hydrosphere), or do deep reservoirs of hydrogen and oxygen really exist as proposed in recent works but not yet proven? Due to the importance of H2O for life and geological processes on the Earth, these questions are among the most significant in all of the Earth sciences. Water must be present in the deep Earth as plate tectonics could not work without water as a major driving force that lowers both viscosity and density of the solid mineral phases of the interior and controls the onset of melting. On subduction, water is returned to the hydrosphere first by dewatering of hydrous phases and second by melting and arc magmatism in and above the subducting slab. The mantle is composed of oxygen minerals, and the extent to which hydrogen is dissolved in them constitutes the true reservoir of the planet’s water ... The necessity to review this issue arises from the recent discovery of a strongly hydrous ringwoodite in a Brazilian diamond. As ringwoodite constitutes 60% or more of the lower part of the transition zone, between 525 and 660 km depth, this could correspond to a huge amount of water in this region, comparable or greater in mass to all of Earth’s hydrosphere. If the water found in this ringwoodite is representative of the water concentrations of the transition zone, then estimates of Earth’s total water reservoir are in need of major revision. This work is an attempt at such a revision."

"... Old World monkey and ape fossils both appear suddenly in the fossil record ... fossil monkeys look just like monkeys today and haven’t evolved since they first appeared ... why, if evolution is true, do monkeys first appear in amazing diversity quite suddenly about 22 to 26 million years ago with no clear monkey precursors?"

"Recently, moth fossils imbedded in both ancient amber and rocks have been analyzed in excruciating detail. Using a variety of high-powered microscopes, scientists wanted to see how much evolution occurred in the alleged 200 million years separating the fossils from their modern living versions. But the ancient creatures are exactly the same as the modern."

"The improvement of DNA sequencing technology, along with scientific advances in the field of genomics, is proving to be a profound enemy of evolution. Two new discoveries that challenge the human evolution paradigm were reported nearly simultaneously—one by a secular scientist and the other by myself. Remarkably, the corroborating data produced in both reports are in perfect agreement.

"... A key element of the evolutionary paradigm is the idea that human DNA and chimpanzee DNA are 98.5% identical. This level of DNA similarity is needed to undergird the hypothesis that humans and chimps shared a common ancestor three to six million years ago. Based on known mutation rates in both humans and chimps, anything significantly less than a 98.5% DNA similarity would destroy the foundation of the entire theory.

"University of London evolutionist Richard Buggs analyzed the results of a comprehensive comparison of the new chimp genome with the human one and posted his shocking anti-evolutionary findings. He stated, “The percentage of nucleotides in the human genome that had one-to-one exact matches in the chimpanzee genome was 84.38%.”

"... What makes Dr. Buggs’ analysis more amazing is the fact that my own recently published research using a different algorithm gave the same results. In my study, I aligned 18,000 random pieces of high-quality chimp DNA about 31,000 DNA letters long (on average) onto human and several different versions of the chimp genome. Not only did my data show that the older version of the chimp genome (PanTro4) that had been used to support evolution was deeply flawed and humanized, but they also showed the aligned segments of chimp DNA were on average only 84.4% identical to human—the same level reported by Buggs."

"Since evolutionists speculate that humans and chimps shared a common ancestor about three to six million years ago, their theory requires a human-chimp DNA similarity of 98 to 99%. The first time they constructed a chimp genome and compared it to humans, they claimed 98.5% DNA similarity based on cherry-picked regions that were highly similar to human.

"Dr. Buggs reported on his website that “the percentage of nucleotides in the human genome that had one-to-one exact matches in the chimpanzee genome was 84.38%” and “4.06% had no alignment to the chimp assembly.”?4 Assuming the chimpanzee and human genomes are about the same size, this translates to an overall similarity of only about 80%!"

"Gordon Gallup, who coined the term 'humanzee', claimed that his former university professor told him the bizarre crossbreed was born at a research facility ... Details of the top secret experiments come as Chinese scientists claim to have created a human-monkey hybrid in an incredible embryo-splicing trial that could eventually allow medics to harvest an endless supply of human organs for lifesaving transplants."

"Humans split from our closest African ape relatives in the genus Pan around six to seven million years ago. We have features that clearly link us with African apes, but we also have features that appear more primitive. This combination calls into question whether the Homo-Pan last common ancestor looked more like modern day chimpanzees and gorillas or an ancient ape unlike any living group. A new study, published online in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, suggests that the simplest explanation – that the ancestor looked a lot like a chimpanzee or gorilla – is the right one, at least in the shoulder."

"Humans share over 90% of their DNA with their primate cousins ... Dr. Gilad reported that up to 40% of the differences in the expression or activity patterns of genes between humans, chimpanzees and rhesus monkeys can be explained by regulatory mechanisms that determine whether and how a gene's recipe for a protein is transcribed to the RNA molecule that carries the recipe instructions to the sites in cells where proteins are manufactured."

"The chimpanzee–human last common ancestor, or CHLCA, is the last common ancestor shared by the extant Homo (human) and Pan (chimpanzee and bonobo) genera of Hominini. Due to complex hybrid speciation, it is not possible to give a precise estimate on the age of this ancestral population. While "original divergence" between populations may have occurred as early as 13 million years ago (Miocene), hybridization may have been ongoing until as recently as 4 million years ago (Pliocene).

"... The "human-side" descendants of the CHLCA species are specified as members of the tribe Hominini, that is to the inclusion of the genus Homo and its closely related genus Australopithecus, but to the exclusion of the genus Pan — meaning all those human-related genera of tribe Hominini that arose after speciation from the line with Pan. Such grouping represents "the human clade" and its members are called "hominins".[3] A "chimpanzee clade" was posited by Wood and Richard, who referred it to a "Tribe Panini", which was envisioned from the family Hominidae being composed of a trifurcation of subfamilies."

The Age of the Earth / RATE Team

Carbon 14 / RATE Team

Helium Diffusion / RATE Team

Radiohalos / RATE Team

"U.S. coal beds, conventionally dated at 40–320 million years old, were found to contain carbon-14 equivalent to ages of around 48,000–50,000 years.

"... diamonds submitted for radiocarbon analyses did contain detectable, significant levels of carbon-14, equivalent to an age of around 55,000 years."

"Earlier this year, scientists from New York and Sweden published the results of their sweeping study of 5 million DNA barcodes from about 100,000 different animal species. As reported by phys.org on May 28, 2018, the results are “sure to jostle, if not overturn, more than one settled idea about how evolution unfolds."

"In addition to a shocking absence of genetic diversity, the authors were stunned to conclude that about 9 out of every 10 species on Earth appear to have come into being at about the same time, apparently sometime between 100,000 and 200,000 years ago. Study co-author David Thaler said of the findings, "This conclusion is very surprising, and I fought against it as hard as I could.” One unavoidable possibility these results raise is articulated in the phys.org report, which asks, “Was there some catastrophic event 200,000 years ago that nearly wiped the slate clean?”

In part one of this two-part presentation, Thunderbolts colleague Peter Mungo Jupp begins a comprehensive and radical re-assessment of the questions: how old is the Earth, and how has life unfolded upon it? Source story: Sweeping gene survey reveals new facets of evolution.

"It is textbook biology, for example, that species with large, far-flung populations—think ants, rats, humans—will become more genetically diverse over time.

"But is that true?

"The answer is no," said Stoeckle, lead author of the study, published in the journal Human Evolution.

"For the planet's 7.6 billion people, 500 million house sparrows, or 100,000 sandpipers, genetic diversity "is about the same," he told AFP.

"The study's most startling result, perhaps, is that nine out of 10 species on Earth today, including humans, came into being 100,000 to 200,000 years ago."

"Dr. John Ankerberg and Dr. Stephen Meyer explore where the problems with modern evolutionary theory began."
Meyer points out the magnitude of the Cambrian Explosion:

The Animal Kingdom:

• About 36 phyla in the history of life
• A Phylum is the largest division of animal classification
• About 26-27 phyla are fossilized
• 20 of these fossilized phyla first appear in the Cambrian period without ancestral forms in the lower strata

The Cambrian Explosion - The Burgess Shale: [1 - web search: cambrian explosion burgess shale]
542-505 million years ago. "all major animal body plans (each more or less corresponding to a distinctive Phylum"(1)

"Discoveries of actual (extant endogenous) soft tissue from T. rex and other dinosaurs have been reported in many recent peer-reviewed scientific journal articles. See http://kgov.com/dinosaur-soft-tissue for a comprehensive catalog of these papers published in Nature, Science, PNAS, PLoS One, Proceedings of the Royal Society, Bone, the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, etc. The biological material found as of May 2015, in fossils from dinosaur-layer and deeper strata, include flexible and transparent blood vessels, red blood cells, many various proteins including the microtubule building block tubulin, collagen, the cytoskeleton component actin, and hemoglobin, bone maintenance osteocyte cells, DNA-related histone proteins, and powerful evidence for DNA including positive results from multiple double-helix tests. The dinosaur and other Mesozoic creatures that have yielded their biological material are hadrosaur, titanosaur, ornithomimosaur [ostrich-like dinosaurs], mosasaur, triceratops, Lufengosaurs, T. rex, and Archaeopteryx."
-- Bob Enyart

• BLOOD VESSELS:
  • PAPER: Mass Spectrometry and Antibody-Based Characterization of Blood Vessels from Brachylophosaurus canadensis

    "The first paper to sometimes drop qualifier "like" as in "blood-vessel-like" and state clearly "dinosaur vessels", etc."

  • PAPER: Soft tissue and cellular preservation in vertebrate skeletal elements from the Cretaceous to the present

    "Soft tissues and cell-like microstructures derived from skeletal elements of a well-preserved Tyrannosaurus rex (MOR 1125) were represented by four components in fragments of demineralized cortical and/or medullary bone: flexible and fibrous bone matrix; transparent, hollow and pliable blood vessels; intravascular material, including in some cases, structures morphologically reminiscent of vertebrate red blood cells; and osteocytes with intracellular contents and flexible filipodia."

  • PAPER: Soft-Tissue Vessels and Cellular Preservation in Tyrannosaurus rex

    "Soft tissues are preserved within hindlimb elements of Tyrannosaurus rex (Museum of the Rockies specimen 1125). Removal of the mineral phase reveals transparent, flexible, hollow blood vessels containing small round microstructures that can be expressed from the vessels into solution. Some regions of the demineralized bone matrix are highly fibrous, and the matrix possesses elasticity and resilience. Three populations of microstructures have cell-like morphology. Thus, some dinosaurian soft tissues may retain some of their original flexibility, elasticity, and resilience."

  • PAPER: Blood Vessels and Red Blood Cells Preserved in Dinosaur Bones

    "Dinosaur bones, 80 million years old, were studied in the scanning electron microscope, and subjected to X-ray microanalysis. Samples for the investigations were prepared according to specially elaborated, and simultaneously described methods. Analysed were (a) the morphological structure of the blood vessels and (b) the remains of their contents. The walls of the blood vessels were found to be morphologically identical with those in present-day reptiles. Bodies were found at several places inside the vessels which strongly remind one of erythrocytes in modern bones. X-ray microanalysis of places where these bodies were accumulated revealed much higher levels of iron, than at any other regions of the blood-vessel wall. Further analysis of the "dinosaur erythrocyte" iron content could be a starting point for the possible determination of oxygen in the earth's atmosphere, 80 million years ago."

  • PAPER: Fibres and cellular structures preserved in 75-million–year-old dinosaur specimens

    "we observe structures consistent with putative erythrocyte remains that exhibit mass spectra similar to emu whole blood"

  • PAPER:

    ""

"Evolutionists have been way off on the appearance and anatomy of dinosaurs for years. In this video, Dr. Gabriela Haynes and Joel Leineweber discuss the three big differences between dinosaurs and birds."

"In the cold light of day, some of these seem most likely to be birds and, therefore, that they are feathered is not particularly surprising. But some of these beasts do seem to be dinosaurs ... All and all, one would be hard pressed to come up with any confirmed details in these structures that compellingly remind us of any of the details of a feather or of feather development ... Feathers are wonderfully complex structures that, as far as we know, are unique to birds. It seems to me that any analysis that seeks to find the origin of birds, but gives short shrift to feathers, is doomed to be half-assed."

• WHAT IS LIFE?
  • VIDEO: Michael Medved and Stephen Meyer: What Is Life
  • BOOK: Signature in the Cell: DNA and the Evidence for Intelligent Design / Stephen Meyer
  • Web search: Definition of life
  
  
• EVOLUTION: SCIENTISTS CLAIMING THEY HAVE CREATED LIFE
  
  • VIDEO: A formal test of the theory of universal common ancestry

    "Universal common ancestry (UCA) is a central pillar of modern evolutionary theory1. As first suggested by Darwin2, the theory of UCA posits that all extant terrestrial organisms share a common genetic heritage, each being the genealogical descendant of a single species from the distant past3,4,5,6. The classic evidence for UCA, although massive, is largely restricted to ‘local’ common ancestry—for example, of specific phyla rather than the entirety of life—and has yet to fully integrate the recent advances from modern phylogenetics and probability theory. Although UCA is widely assumed, it has rarely been subjected to formal quantitative testing ... Here I provide the first, to my knowledge, formal, fundamental test of UCA, without assuming that sequence similarity implies genetic kinship ... These results provide powerful statistical evidence corroborating the monophyly of all known life."

"This is probably the quintessential physical and visual model for the relationship between Electricity, Magnetism and Gravity. Prof. Eric Laithwaite gives an excellent presentation into gyroscopes and a very clear cause and effect understanding for the kinesthetic learners among us."

"Rolling Motion, Gyroscopes, Very Non-intuitive. This lecture is part of 8.01 Physics I: Classical Mechanics, as taught in Fall 1999 by Dr. Walter Lewin at MIT."

"The theory, advanced by J. J. Becher late in the 17th cent. and extended and popularized by G. E. Stahl, postulates that in all flammable materials there is present phlogiston, a substance without color, odor, taste, or weight that is given off in burning. "Phlogisticated" substances are those that contain phlogiston and, on being burned, are "dephlogisticated." The ash of the burned material is held to be the true material. The theory received strong and wide support throughout a large part of the 18th cent. until it was refuted by the work of A. L. Lavoisier, who revealed the true nature of combustion. Joseph Priestley, however, defended the theory throughout his lifetime."
-- The Free Dictionary

ARTICLE: The Discarded Phlogiston Theory in Early Chemistry History / ThoughtCo

ARTICLE: N-Rays

"N-rays were invisible. They had to be observed by first refracting them through a prism that was coated by aluminum and then by observing a glow on a thread coated that was cover with calcium sulfide. This experiment was supposedly replicated by 30 different research teams, involving over 100 researchers, who wrote some 300 papers about their N-rays findings. Yet several prominent labs could not replicate these results."

"Dr. Bart Ehrman is an Agnostic speaking at a Freedom From Religion conference. His curt response to a Jesus Mythisist is to his credit given the venue. American professor and scholar, currently the James A. Gray Distinguished Professor of Religious Studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. He is one of North America's leading scholars in his field, having written and edited 30 books, including three college textbooks. Ehrman's work focuses on textual criticism of the New Testament, the historical Jesus, and the development of early Christianity."

"I think the universe was spontaneously created out of nothing, according to the laws of science ... If you accept, as I do, that the laws of nature are fixed, then it doesn't take long to ask: What role is there for God? ... If you like, you can say the laws are the work of God, but that is more a definition of God than a proof of his existence ... Did God create the quantum laws that allowed the Big Bang to occur? ... I have no desire to offend anyone of faith, but I think science has a more compelling explanation than a divine creator ... The universe itself, in all its mind-boggling vastness and complexity, could simply have popped into existence without violating the known laws of nature ... We have finally found something that doesn’t have a cause, because there was no time for a cause to exist in ... For me this means that there is no possibility of a creator, because there is no time for a creator to have existed in ... We have this one life to appreciate the grand design of the universe ... and for that I am extremely grateful."

-- Stephen Hawking, Brief Answers to Big Questions, taken from Live Science.

Genesis 1: 2

Genesis 1: 2 (KJV)
2 And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.

Genesis 1: 2 (Missler taking into account the words 'tohu' and 'bohu')
2 BUT the earth HAD BECOME without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters.

Jeremiah 4: 23-27 (KJV)
23 I beheld the earth, and, lo, it was without form, and void; and the heavens, and they had no light.
24 I beheld the mountains, and, lo, they trembled, and all the hills moved lightly.
25 I beheld, and, lo, there was no man, and all the birds of the heavens were fled.
26 I beheld, and, lo, the fruitful place was a wilderness, and all the cities thereof were broken down at the presence of the Lord, and by his fierce anger.
27 For thus hath the Lord said, The whole land shall be desolate; yet will I not make a full end.

- 'tohu': without form, confused
- 'bohu': empty, waste
- 'hayah': instead of 'was without form and void' substitute 'had become without form and void' (pluperfect form as used in Genesis 19:26)
- 'vav': (adversative conjuction meaning 'But' as used in the Septuagint and the Vulgate sometimes implying a significant time delay. Exodus 1:2 is an 8 year period. Deuteronomy 10:5-6 is a 38 year period. 1 Chronicles 10:14 and 11:1 is a 7 year period. Ezekiel 6:22 and 7:1 is a 58 year period)
- 'choshek': unnaturaly darkness instead of 'darkness'. As used in Exodus 10:21.
- 'tehowm': instead of 'the deep' (abussos, the abyss; the home of demons and evil spirits.

Isaiah 45:18

Jeremiah 4: 23-27

Psalm 18: 7-15

See also: Genesis 1:2, Creation, or Re-Creation - Pastor Chuck Missler

"Douglas Hamp graduated from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem with an M.A. in the Hebrew Bible and Its World where he specialized in ancient languages including Biblical Hebrew and Greek."

"Should Genesis 1:2 be rendered (as in the King James Version)
"And the earth was without form and void"
OR
"But the earth had become without form and void"?

"The question is whether to translate the Hebrew conjunction waw as 'and' or 'but' and whether to translate the verb hayah simply as 'was' or by the pluperfect 'had become'.

"If the translation of 'and' and 'was' is correct, then verse 2 appears to be merely a continuation of verse 1, signifying that its formless condition was proper to the initial stages of God's creative activity. In this translation we must either take 'days' to mean not literal days but geological ages, or treat the whole chapter as poetry or allegory. These 'solutions' are not supported by the rules of linguistics.

"If the translation of 'but' and 'had become' is correct, the implication is far different. For then verse 2 is a picture of the earth, not as it came from the hand of God in creation, but after some intervening event had reduced it to a state of ruin. This alternative translation allows between verse 1 and 2 a hiatus of unknown duration (a view held in earliest times) which can accommodate geological ages. Opponents object to this 'Gap Theory' as simply an attempt to 'rescue' modern Geology.

"... This book is an examination of the Hebrew words in this second verse of Genesis, observing the rules of linguistics, of grammar and syntax, and the context in an attempt to establish the meaning of the words as found here."

"THE ORIGINAL QUESTION
"Has man and earth existed millions of years allowing man time to evolve to his present state? The answer is, "Yes" concerning the earth; and "No" concerning man."